How Do You Know if You Are Done With Jury Duty?

TASK 1. Study the text below, making sure yous fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English language-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.

Jury

Jury is a body of people who are called to decide the truth of factual evidence in an action or legal proceeding and, on instruction of the courtroom, to use the police force to the facts. Such a trunk is called a petit jury or trial jury. Traditionally, a trial jury consists of 12 people, often with 1 or two alternates.

From the History of Jury

The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various writers accept attributed information technology to different European peoples who at an early period adult unlike methods of trial. It seems probable that the jury in England was derived straight from the Norman institution of recognition by sworn inquest, whereby 12 knights were called to serve as recognitors.

Equally early as the 12th century, information technology had get customary for suitors in certain cases affecting the championship to real manor to employ to the King's Court for the summoning of recognitors to ascertain, either from their own knowledge or on inquiry from others, the truth of the matter at result; the verdict of the courtroom, if unanimous, was accustomed as conclusive. It was natural that other questions of fact arising in the King's Courtroom should be disposed of in a similar mode, and the gradual transformation of the recognitors into the jury followed as a matter of course. Originally, the jury members were not but judges of fact, just were likewise witnesses who were selected considering of their cognition of the customs and the people of the locality, and possibly of the suitors themselves. In the early 15th century, however, the judges of the courts of common police restricted the jury to the performance of its function as a estimate of fact based on the evidence submitted in an activeness. This is the single function of the jury in modernistic practice.

Selection of a Jury in the US

In the U.s. the selection of a jury starts when a big group of citizens is called to announced for jury duty at each term of court. They are selected according to constitutional provisions. Each state has its own qualifications for those who may serve on a jury. In general, all jurors must exist US citizens, local residents, of approved integrity, and of reasonable intelligence. The group of jurors called at any in one case is known as a panel. Both the state and federal courts have independent lists of jurors that are fabricated up nether the direction of officials known as commissioners of jurors. Jurors are paid, as provided by statute, for fourth dimension spent serving on jury duty.

At a trial the selection of the jury is fabricated subject field to the direction of the presiding judge. The names of the prospective jurors are fatigued by lot by the clerk of the court. Both the defence and the prosecution may examine the jurors to define whether cause for claiming in whatever particular example exists�that is, whether circumstances exist that might improperly influence a juror'south decisions, such equally bias or self-interest. The parties to the action or their attorneys may then practice their right to eliminate undesirable members from the jury past means of challenge.

Functions of a Jury

After a satisfactory jury has been drawn, the jury is sworn, and the trial proceeds. In general, during the progress of a trial, all questions of law are adamant by the court and questions of fact by the jury.

After all the evidence has been presented, the 2 counsels, offset for the defendant then for the plaintiff or prosecution, �sum up,� that is, each addresses the jury, reviewing the evidence in the example and commenting on it in a manner favorable to that counsel'southward side of the case. The guess so makes a charge to the jury. The accuse is a statement of the rules of law applicative to the prove in that detail case. Information technology is given in order to assist the jury in rendering a right verdict. The jury then retires from the courtroom to begin deliberations. These deliberations continue until an understanding as to the verdict is reached, or until the presiding judge deems that the jury cannot reach an agreement. The latter example is known equally a hung jury. In the consequence that no agreement is reached, a new trial may be chosen. All members of a jury must agree on a verdict, which in a civil trial may be �for the plaintiff� or �for the defendant,� and in a criminal trial �guilty� or �not guilty.� (In some states, nevertheless, the verdict in a ceremonious trial need not be unanimous.) In a civil trial the jury is and so empowered to set the amount of any damages. The verdict of a jury is decisive and cannot be disturbed unless rendered contrary to law or confronting the weight of evidence. In such a case the verdict may be ready aside, either past the presiding approximate or afterward entreatment.

Job 2. Find the appropriate definitions:

define	����� (���������, ���������), ������ �����
alternate juror	�������������; ����������; ��������; ������������
summon	�������� ��������� ������� � ���������� ����������� �������
recognitor	one) �������� 2) ��������
challenge	����������� ����������
jury of peers (jury of ane's peers)	1) ��������� two) ����, ������ ������������� � ����
inquest	�����
suitors	�������������, ��������, ���������
console	�����������, ������������
unanimous	������ ��������� �����������
hung jury	������� ��� ��������� ���� ���������
to disturb the verdict	�����������
deliberation	�������� ���������, �� ��������� � ������� ������
sequester	��������� ������ � ���������� ��������
report of jury service	���������, ����������

TASK 3. Answer the following questions:

ane) What is a jury?

2) What is known about the origin of a jury?

3) What was the procedure of affecting the title to real estate in XII century?

4) Who was a predecessor of a juror?

5) How the functioning of jury�southward function was inverse in the early 15th century?

vi) What do you know about the selection of a jury in the US?

7) How does a jury piece of work?

TASK 4. True or imitation (correct if the argument is false)?

1. Petit jury is a jury of 12 persons empanelled to decide the facts of a case and decide the result pursuant to the direction of the court on points of police.

two. The jury derived from Norman institution of recognition past sworn witnesses.

3. In the early 15th century the� jury members were not only judges of fact, simply also witnesses or possibly the suitors themselves.

4. Console is a list of persons summoned for jury service.

v. Jurors are not paid for fourth dimension spent serving on jury duty.

6. Only the estimate has the right to challenge a juror in case of his bias or self-involvement.

7. All questions of law are determined by the jury.

8. After all the evidence has been presented the guess �sums upward,� reviewing the testify in the instance in order to assistance the jury in rendering a correct verdict.

nine.� Hung jury is a trial jury duly selected to make a decision in a criminal case regarding a accused's guilt or innocence, but who are unable to reach a verdict due to a complete partition in opinion.

10. The verdict of a jury is decisive and cannot be disturbed.

TASK 5. Study the text beneath, making sure you fully encompass it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.

From the Juror�southward Handbook (New York Court System)

INTRODUCTION

Most people seldom need to think near a jury or how one operates within a trial. Information technology is helpful to envision the jury as an arm of the court - its purpose is to consider the facts and circumstances which are presented in a case and to employ this data to the law.

Existence a juror does not crave any special skills, expertise or didactics. The jury'due south job is to make up one's mind the truth to the best of its power on the ground of the evidence presented in a case.

COMMON QUESTIONS OF JURORS

How are people chosen to be called for jury service?

The New York Land court system maintains and updates each year the names of state residents who are included on certain lists - state and local taxpayers, licensed drivers, registered vehicle owners, applicants for or recipients of public assistance benefits and recipients of state unemployment compensation. Prospective jurors are selected randomly form those lists, as well every bit lists of persons who volunteer for service, by the Commissioner of Jurors or each county and the County Clerks in New York City.

Questionnaires are sent to people in the selected pool of names, which must exist completed and returned. Those individuals who "qualify" for service - U.South. denizen and county resident; at least 18 years of age; mentally and physically capable of performing jury duty; with no felony convictions; and able to sympathise and communicate in English - may eventually be summoned to report for service.

How long does a juror serve?

The juror summons generally indicates the length and verbal dates of the term that a juror is expected to serve. Those who are selected are only required to serve on one trial. On average, the length of a trial ranges from three to five days.

Is it true that sometimes jurors are not allowed to go home until later on the trial is over? Is this mutual?

As a general dominion, jurors go dwelling house at the end of the day and return the next morning time. There are occasions, however, that require a court to "sequester" a jury on a criminal case overnight during deliberation on a verdict. In extremely rare cases, a jury may exist sequestered during the trial itself. "Sequestered" means that jurors do not get dwelling house at the stop of the day, merely stay in a hotel, where their access to other people and to radio and goggle box news or newspapers is express.

The expense of all meals and lodging for sequestered jurors is the responsibility of the Commissioner of Jurors of each canton or the respective County Clerks in the City of New York.

Are jurors compensated?

For each day that a juror performs service, he or she may be entitled to a per diem $15 assart. The corporeality of the payment is established past the New York Sate Legislature.

In rare instances, when service extends for more than 30 days, the court may authorize an additional assart of $6 per day to be paid to a juror.

A juror may waive his or her correct to the per diem allowance.

What near the juror's job?

New York Country law prohibits an employer from subjecting an employee to penalties or termination of employment due to jury service - so long every bit the employee notifies the employer upon receipt of the jury summons. An employer may lawfully withhold wages during jury service and the question of bacon and wages is a thing to exist addressed betwixt the juror and the employer.

Is possible to study for jury service just not sit on a jury?

Aye. In many cases, parties seek to settle their differences and to avoid the expense and time demanded by a trial.. Thus, while several trials may exist scheduled for one particular day, the court cannot be certain until that morning time, and sometimes afternoon, which cases will actually require a jury.

Who else will be in the courtroom?���

A number of people will be in the courtroom in add-on to the judge and jury. The listing below explains who they are and what they may be doing.

Plaintiff - In a civil example, the plaintiff is the party who initiates the lawsuit by bringing the case to court.

Defendant - In a ceremonious matter, the defendant is the party who is being sued. In a criminal example, the accused has been charged with a criminal offense.

Attorneys - In certain cases, including criminal cases, attorneys representing the plaintiff, the accused or the authorities are referred to as counsel. An attorney representing the authorities in a criminal case is called the prosecuting attorney or the banana district attorney, and in some cases, the assistant chaser general.

Court Reporter - The court reporter records the official tape of the trial by recording every word which is spoken. This tape will be converted into an official transcript of the trial.

Court Clerk - The clerk of the trial office, besides called the clerk, maintains the court files and preserves the evidence presented during the trial. The clerk may also administer the oath to jurors and witnesses.

Witnesses - Witnesses provide testimony, under oath, every bit to what they have seen, heard or otherwise observed regarding the case.

Interpreter - Interpreters, under oath, provide linguistic communication estimation for the court on behalf of a not-English speaking political party or witness.

Spectators - Spectators are members of the public who are generally permitted to observe the court proceedings. Often spectators include representatives or the media.

NOTES:

per diem (���.) - ������ ����, ���������

Answer the post-obit questions:

1) Why the jury is an arm of the court?

2) What is the jury�s chore?

3) How prospective jurors are selected?

4) Who can exist a juror?

v) What is the average length of a trial?

6) What is sequester and in what situations it is possible?

vii) Does the juror receive his salary during jury service?

viii) When is possible to report for jury service but not sit on a jury?

9) Who else can be in the courtroom and what are their functions?

Task 6. (a) Study the text below, making sure you fully cover it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.

Famous American Trials

The O. J. Simpson Trial 1995

Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born 1947) is a retired American football thespian, actor, spokesman, and convicted felon. He originally attained fame in sports as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, and was the kickoff NFL (National Football League) player.

In 1989, Simpson pleaded no contest to a domestic violence charge and was separated from his wife Nicole Brownish, to whom he was paying child support. On June 12, 1994 Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman were institute expressionless outside Brown'south condominium. Simpson was charged with their murders. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were amid the well-nigh widely publicized in American history. The trial, often characterized as "the trial of the century". Even foreign leaders such equally Margaret Thatcher and Boris Yeltsin eagerly gossiped about the trial.  When Yeltsin stepped off his aeroplane to meet President Clinton, the outset question he asked was, "Do you think O. J. did it?" The trial culminated on Oct 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders. The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.S. population, making it one of the near watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for its division along racial lines: polls showed that about African-Americans felt that justice had been served by the "non guilty" verdict, while most white Americans did not. O. J. Simpson's defence counsel included Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey.

(b) Read the text about selection of the Jury for O. J. Simpson murder case and draw this procedure to your classmates in English:

Selection of the Jury

The racial composition of the jury was strongly influenced past the decision of the prosecution to file the Simpson instance in downtown Los Angeles rather than (as is commonly the case) in the judicial district where the crime occurred �� in this case, Santa Monica. Had the case exist filed in Santa Monica, the Simpson jury would accept been mostly white instead of, equally was the instance, mostly African-American.  With poll data showing that most whites believed Simpson to be guilty and most blacks believing him to be not guilty, the decision to file the case in Santa Monica may have been the biggest mistake the prosecution made.

Jury selection got underway on September 24, 1994 in Judge Ito's courtroom.  Present that day were 250 potential members of the jury and the judge, Simpson, and lawyers for both sides.  Judge Ito explained procedures to the potential jury members and warned them that the trial might last several months.  The remark virtually the expected length of the trial prompted Simpson to moan loudly, "Oh, God, no."  Ito told jurors they must complete a 79-folio, 294-question questionnaire including questions proposed by both the prosecution and defense.  In addition, they were to complete a ane-folio "hardship" questionnaire designed to determine jurors who could exist initially excluded from the selection process.  Potential jurors complained about the lengthy questionnaire, which took about four hours for many people to complete.  They also were overheard muttering complaints about the personal nature of many of the questions - questions well-nigh their beliefs concerning the causes of domestic violence, about their feelings concerning interracial marriages, about whether they "e'er provided a urine sample to be analyzed for any purpose."

Jury selection connected for two months.  Estimate Ito excluded from consideration potential jurors who violated his strict rules relating to exposure to the media.  Ane juror was excluded for watching cartoons with her children, some other for waking upwards to a clock radio.  On Oct 18, Faye Resnick'southward book on Nicole Simpson's relationship with O. J. hit the bookstores, causing Ito to order a temporary halt to jury selection and to tell potential jurors "I forgot to tell you to stay out of bookstores."

During the voir dire procedure, each potential juror took a seat at a conference tabular array.  Also seated at the table were lawyers for both sides and Simpson, sitting not more than half-dozen feet from the people that might soon judge him.  The object of voir dire, from each side's perspective, is not to get a off-white jury, just rather a prejudiced i, ane prejudiced in their favor.  In theory, what results is a off-white jury, one from which both sides accept excluded potential jurors that are least likely to exist sympathetic to their cause.  Jurors who give answers that point that they accept prejudged the case tin be challenged for cause, others tin exist excluded using a limited number of peremptory challenges.  Attorneys tin can exercise their peremptory challenges for nigh any reason (body language, advent, dissatisfaction with answers) but not for reasons of race or sex.  Every challenge by the prosecution of a potential black juror acquired Cochran (defence force attorney) to approach the bench and suggest that the challenge may accept been racially motivated.  This tactic may have worked to dissuade the prosecution from challenging some black jurors.  It was no secret that the prosecution wanted white jurors and the defence force wanted black jurors.

The defense poured slap-up effort into the jury selection procedure.  Consultant Dmitrius coordinated massive information on each of the jury finalists, including their answers to the questionnaire, responses and trunk language during voir dire, and other information the defense had managed to collect.  This information was put into a estimator and each juror ranked co-ordinate to their probable sympathy to the defense.

Past November iii, an initial jury of twelve had been selected.  The jury consisted of 8 blacks, 2 Hispanics, 1 half-Caucasian, one-half Native American, and 1 Caucasian female.  Fifteen alternates were selected over the next few weeks.

On December 4, the jury was assembled and given cautionary instructions by Gauge Ito.  They were told that the trial would begin on January four, and that they could expect to be sequestered for the elapsing of the several-month trial.

(c) Detect English equivalents:

1. ������� ��������� ����������
2. ������� � ��������� ���������� ���������
3. ���������� ��������, ��� ������� ������ ���������� ����� ����� ������������ ����� ������ ���������
4. ������ ��������� � �����, ������������; ������� � ���
5. ������ ���������� � ���������; ����������� ������������ �����, �������������� ������ � ��������� � ������������� ��������� ��� �� ������ �� ������ ���������� [jury panel] ��� ��������� �� ����������������� � ������������������
6. �������������, ����������, ������������, �������������
7. ����������, ������ �������
8. ����� �� ����������� ���������
9. ����� ��� �������� �������

(d) Answer the following questions:

one) What was the principal mistake of the prosecution?

2) Why the questionnaire was so long? What were personal questions about? Why?

3) How long did the jury option continue? Why?

4) Why did judge Ito order the potential jurors to stay out of the media and bookstores?

5) What is the purpose of� voir dire?

6) What is the difference between claiming for cause and peremptory challenge?

seven) What did the defence force do to dissuade the prosecution from challenging some black jurors? Why?

8) Why the jurors were sequestered for the elapsing of the several-month trial?

Chore 7. The word TAX has the post-obit meanings in legal Russian: 1) ����� ; 2) �������� ������� ; 3) ����������� , ���������� ������ ( � �������� ��������� ). Lucifer the post-obit English language expressions with their Russian equivalents:

1) tax in kind 2) tax on land iii) ad valorem revenue enhancement iv) buried tax 5) decease revenue enhancement 6) income taxation 7) court taxes 8) back taxes 9) single tax

a) �����, ���������� � ��������� ������ b) ����� �� ��������� c) �������� d) ������ ����� e) �������� �������� f) ���������� ����� g) ����� �� ���������� h) ����������� ����� i) ����������� �����

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